Xiaojing, or Classic of Filial Piety is a classic text expounding on Confucian’s teachings on filial piety. It was used to teach young children basic morality as they learnt how to read. Reflecting the push towards vernacular Chinese in the early Republican period, this version contains both the original text in classical Chinese and the vernacular counterpart. Such books were one of the most popular foundational texts in Chinese education and were used in Singapore as well.