Published in Shanghai by Chung Hwa Book Company (中华书局), this philosophy textbook was used by Chinese-medium high schools in Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s.Such textbooks introduced the writings of famous Western philosophers such as Descartes and Francis Bacon, and different fields and methods of study. The subject aims to hone the student’s reasoning and critical thinking skills.Chung Hwa Book Company was founded in Shanghai in 1912 and established a branch in Singapore in 1923. It ended operations in 1997.